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Nihilism, Self-consistency, and Paradox
Nihilism is often described as a belief in the nonexistence of truth. In its more extreme forms, such a belief is difficult to justify, because it contains a variation on the liar paradox: if it is true that truth does not exist, the statement "truth does not exist" is itself a truth, therefore showing itself to be inconsistent. A formally identical criticism has been leveled against relativism and the verifiability theory of meaning of logical positivism.
A more sophisticated interpretation of the claim might be that while truth may exist, it is inaccessible in practice, but this leaves open the problem of how the nihilist has accessed it. It may be a reasonable reply that the nihilist has not accessed truth directly, but has come to the conclusion, based on past experience, that truth is ultimately unattainable within the confines of human circumstance. Thus, since nihilists believe they have learned that truth cannot be attained in this life, they look upon the activities of those rigorously seeking truth as futile. However, this interpretation is open to the same criticism as above, since, barring mystical revelation, the only way the "truth" of nihilism can have been learned is from within the confines of human experience. An attempt at reconciliation may be made in the following way: I have logically deduced that I cannot obtain absolute truth (as opposed to logical truth) with logic. Thus, from the confines of human experience, I am convinced (by logical reasoning) that I cannot obtain absolute truth. The nihilist, then, cannot profess to know something absolute, but he can say that, in terms of the human method of problem solving (logical reasoning), absolute truth cannot be obtained by human logic.



Semantics (Greek semantikos, giving signs, significant, symptomatic, from sema, sign) refers to the aspects of meaning that are expressed in a language, code, or other form of representation. Semantics is contrasted with two other aspects of meaningful expression, namely, syntax, the construction of complex signs from simpler signs, and pragmatics, the practical use of signs by agents or communities of interpretation in particular circumstances and contexts. By the usual convention that calls a study or a theory by the name of its subject matter, semantics may also denote the theoretical study of meaning in systems of signs.
Though terminology varies, writers on the subject of meaning generally recognize two sorts of meaning that a significant expression may have: (1) the relation that a sign has to objects and objective situations, actual or possible, and (2) the relation that a sign has to other signs, most especially the sorts of mental signs that are conceived of as concepts.
Most theorists refer to the relation between a sign and its objects, as always including any manner of objective reference, as its denotation. Some theorists refer to the relation between a sign and the signs that serve in its practical interpretation as its connotation, but there are many more differences of opinion and distinctions of theory that are made in this case. Many theorists, especially in the formal semantic, pragmatic, and semiotic traditions, restrict the application of semantics to the denotative aspect, using other terms or altogether ignoring the connotative aspect.


Charles Pierre Baudelaire(April 9, 1821 – August 31, 1867) was one of the most influential French poets of the nineteenth century. He was also an important critic and translator.
Walter Benjamin (July 15, 1892 – September 27, 1940) was a German Marxist literary critic and philosopher. He was at times associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory, and was also greatly inspired by the Marxism of Bertolt Brecht and the Jewish mysticism of Gershom Scholem.
"Flâneur" is a French word. A flâneur is a detached pedestrian observer of a metropolis, a 'gentleman stroller of city streets', first identified by Charles Baudelaire. The word has no exact equivalent in English. The concept of the flâneur is important in the work of Walter Benjamin, is important in academic discussions of the phenomenon of modernity, and has become meaningful in architecture and urban planning.
Around 1850, Baudelaire began asserting that traditional art was inadequate for the new dynamic complications of modern life. Social and economic changes brought by industrialization demanded that the artist immerse himself in the metropolis and become, in Baudelaire's phrase, 'a botanist of the sidewalk', an analytical connoisseur of the urban fabric. Because he coined the word about Parisians, the 'flâneur' (the one who strolls) and the 'flânerie' (the stroll) are associated with Paris and the kind of pedestrian environment which accommodates leisurely exploration.The Flâneur is typically well aware of his slow, leisurely behaviour and had been known to exemplify this state of being by walking turtles on leashes down the streets of Paris.
Walter Benjamin adopted this concept of the urban observer both as an analytical tool and as a lifestyle. From his Marxist standpoint Benjamin describes the flâneur as a product of modern life and the Industrial Revolution, unprecedented in history and definitely of a certain social class, parallel to the advent of the tourist. His flâneur is an uninvolved but highly perceptive bourgeois dilettante. Benjamin became his own prime example, gathering his social and aesthetic observations from long walks through Paris. Even the title of his unfinished Arcades Project comes from his affection for covered shopping streets.
In the context of current architecture and urban planning, designing for flâneurs is one way to approach issues of the psychological aspects of the built environment. Architect Jon Jerde, for instance, designed his Horton Plaza and Universal CityWalk projects around the idea of providing surprises, distractions, and sequences of events for pedestrians.
extremes/contradictions/paradoxes/extensions/exaggerations/enhancements/embellishments/decoration
what is the purpose of academia?
what is the purpose of art?
what is not valid?
can anybody really own anything?
prove connections...
intelligent argument...
clear and concise...
'behaviour' in 'environment'
how are people different from each other?
from the quantifier/beholder/opinioneer/subjectifier?
universal metasubstance? debugging an argument? mass dissertation?
individual responsibility?
[name/reputation/experience/perspectives]
identity: limits and a basis?
[necessary in language?]
intellectual property laws
idea-theft-share: conscious/unconscious [honesty/truth/oblivion/denial/accident]
mass memory - who remembers the source?
head world, body world - are there exact divides?
entertaining/stimulating...
[I] enjoyed [it]
person product
consumer show
punter service
audience process
member
individual etc
viewer etc
Logic/formula
Opinion/perspective
Mass fact
eye/brain/product [what of other senses?]
To walk in...city [love constant change]
Identity in town [English town]
Identity in city [Cant/Manc]
Describing the experience of being [x] in [place].
Describing the experience of being [label] in [collective term].
How to stand out.
How to belong.
How to receive criticism.
How to treat anything with humour.
Subcultures etc. Tourists. Photographers. Visitors. Locals. Shoppers. Workers.
Observers aren't involved. Why? Everyone is involved. We're all here moving, join us, we're all strangers, judge us, make a scale.
In city media, the categoric descriptions are far more advanced than outside. Everyone belongs [this gibberish demands rational editing - read what you write or at least think about it first], semi-anonymous, there is so much mystery and room for imagination - faster by the day. You accept that you too exist among others. You are not isolated and tend not to be scrutinised, at least, not for long. You can carry your dreams and your self image solid. You are seen is snap shots. Through the middle, fast, out of the way. The feeling of 'safe' city centre suits me perfectly.
The scale of people - the things we love to see and be seen by - there is a comfortable maximum. That amount of time for which each person is visible - what is the optimum? Vanity and stories - what in a look cannot lie - these strangers with 'backgrounds', look into their eyes and allow unlimited assumptions. You can discard, edit and waste no paper in the process. There is a lot to be glad about in the centre of a city. You are definitely there, truely alive.
A thesis (literally: 'position' from the Greek θέσις) is an intellectual proposition. ----In academia, a thesis or dissertation is a document that presents the author's research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature for a degree or professional qualification.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissertation
Main Entry: loafer
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: idler
Synonyms: angishore, beach bum, beachcomber, bum, deadbeat, do-nothing, drugstore cowboy, goldbrick, good-for-nothing*, goof off, idler, indolent, lazybones*, lizard, lollygagger, lounger, malingerer, ne'er-do-well*, shirker, slacker, slouch, slug, slugabed, sluggard, wanderer, waster, wastrel
Source: Roget's New Millennium™ Thesaurus, First Edition (v 1.3.1)
Copyright © 2006 by Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
* = informal or slang
Main Entry: vagabond
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: wanderer
Synonyms: beachcomber, beggar, bum, deadbeat, derelict, down-and-out*, drifter, floater, gypsy, hobo, idler, itinerant, loafer, migrant, nomad, outcast, piker, ragbag, rascal, road agent, rogue, rolling stone, rover, stiff, stray, stumblebum, tramp, transient, traveler, vagrant, wayfarer
Antonyms: inhabitant
Notes: a vagabond refers to a person who leads a carefree, roaming existence; a vagrant ekes out a living by begging and is often considered a nuisance
Source: Roget's New Millennium™ Thesaurus, First Edition (v 1.3.1)
Copyright © 2006 by Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
* = informal or slang
Main Entry: wanderer
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: drifter
Synonyms: adventurer, beachcomber, bum, drifter, explorer, floater, gad*, gadabout, gallivanter, globe-trotter, gypsy, itinerant, meanderer, nomad, pilgrim, rambler, ranger, roamer, rolling stone*, rover, saddle tramp, straggler, stray, stroller, traveler, vagabond, vagrant, voyager
Source: Roget's New Millennium™ Thesaurus, First Edition (v 1.3.1)
Copyright © 2006 by Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. All rights reserved.
* = informal or slang
Main Entry: wave
Part of Speech: noun
Definition: sea surf
Synonyms: beachcomber, bending, billow, breaker, coil, comber, convolution, corkscrew, crest, crush, curl, curlicue, current, drift, flood, foam, ground swell, gush, heave, influx, loop, movement, outbreak, rash, ridge, ripple, rippling, rocking, roll, roller, rush, scroll, sign, signal, stream, surge, sweep, swell, tendency, tide, tube, twirl, twist, undulation, unevenness, uprising, upsurge, whitecap, winding
Source: Roget's New Millennium™ Thesaurus, First Edition (v 1.3.1)
Copyright © 2006 by Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. All rights reserved.